{"id":15005,"date":"2017-03-04T11:40:42","date_gmt":"2017-03-04T11:40:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/2017\/03\/04\/els-mercats-financers-i-l-oli-de-palma-els-diners-darrere-d-una-industria-en-expansio\/"},"modified":"2022-12-28T13:46:27","modified_gmt":"2022-12-28T12:46:27","slug":"els-mercats-financers-i-l-oli-de-palma-els-diners-darrere-d-una-industria-en-expansio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/ca\/2017\/03\/04\/els-mercats-financers-i-l-oli-de-palma-els-diners-darrere-d-una-industria-en-expansio\/","title":{"rendered":"Els mercats financers i l’oli de palma: els diners darrere d’una ind\u00fastria en expansi\u00f3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Amigos de la Tierra 04\/03\/2017<\/a>
<\/strong><\/em>Els mercats financers i l’oli de palma: els diners darrere d’una ind\u00fastria en expansi\u00f3.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zamzarmi encara recorda quan els vermells fruits que donen els seus palmells es venien a un preu de tres a quatre vegades m\u00e9s elevat al d’avui, fa tot just cinc anys. “Abans es pagava molt m\u00e9s per l’oli de palma, per\u00f2 des de fa anys el preu \u00e9s molt baix”,<\/em> assegura aquest camperol indonesi.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Zamzarmi, un petit propietari que t\u00e9 una plantaci\u00f3 de tres hect\u00e0rees a la prov\u00edncia de Riau, a l’illa indon\u00e8sia de Sumatra, sap que tamb\u00e9 hi va haver temps pitjors i que fa tres lustres l’oli de palma es pagava a la meitat del preu actual.<\/p>\n

Els preus de l’oli de palma s\u00f3n inestables i pateixen enormes fluctuacions<\/h3>\n

La l\u00ednia dels preus internacionals de l’oli de palma durant els \u00faltims deu anys<\/strong> sembla una muntanya russa en qu\u00e8 les pujades i baixades s\u00f3n sovint pronunciades.<\/strong> En 2004, aquesta mat\u00e8ria primera que suposa un ter\u00e7 de l’oli que es consumeix mundialment i que s’utilitza principalment en alimentaci\u00f3 i cosm\u00e8tica, es pagava a la borsa de Mal\u00e0isia, el principal punt de compravenda dels t\u00edtols d’oli de palma, a menys de 400 $ nord-americans per tona m\u00e8trica. Al febrer de 2011, l’oli de palma fregava els 1250 d\u00f2lars per tona, el seu r\u00e8cord hist\u00f2ric. L’\u00faltima dada registrat per novembre de 2016 se situava en 755 $, gaireb\u00e9 200 d\u00f2lars m\u00e9s que els preus que es pagaven a principis d’any.<\/p>\n

La teoria econ\u00f2mica liberal cl\u00e0ssica diu que els preus es formen de manera senzilla en el punt de conflu\u00e8ncia entre el preu pel qual el productor est\u00e0 disposat a vendre la seva mercaderia i el client, a comprar-la. \u00c9s, a primera vista, un escenari en el qual els elements que entren en joc estan directament relacionats: el cost de les mat\u00e8ries primeres, la dificultat per fabricar el producte, les condicions clim\u00e0tiques en el cas de les mat\u00e8ries primeres agr\u00edcoles, els gustos del consumidor o els productes substitutius, entre d’altres. \u00c9s un escenari complex, per\u00f2 relativament tangible.<\/p>\n

La realitat \u00e9s, per\u00f2, molt m\u00e9s complexa. Aquesta l\u00ednia de la muntanya russa \u00e9s tan sols un dels factors que influeixen en el preu que cobra Zamzarmi per la seva mat\u00e8ria primera. A les condicions clim\u00e0tiques, la compet\u00e8ncia d’altres plantacions en el seu propi pa\u00eds o a milers de quil\u00f2metres o l’especulaci\u00f3, s’afegeix l’acci\u00f3 de nombrosos actors, des de governs a inversors privats o organitzacions internacionals que tamb\u00e9 modifiquen el que es paga pel popular oli. “\u00c9s molt dif\u00edcil preveure despeses i ingressos”<\/strong>, diu Zanzarmi. Al maig, quan Zanzarmi va ser entrevistat, cobrava 1.500 rupies indon\u00e8sies (11 c\u00e8ntims d’euro) per quilo de fruit. Cada mes treu una mitjana de 5 tones en els seus tres hect\u00e0rees, per les quals cobra 750.000 rupies (534 euros). No obstant aix\u00f2, a la incertesa del preu de l’oli de palma se suma l’import canviant dels pesticides i fertilitzants que necessita per a la seva plantaci\u00f3. El balan\u00e7 final del que guanyar\u00e0 a final de mes mai est\u00e0 clar.<\/p>\n

Per\u00f2, igual que en altres sectors agr\u00edcoles, els mercats financers tenen cada vegada un paper m\u00e9s important en la ind\u00fastria.<\/strong> Una dada ho exemplifica. Tan sols a la Borsa de Mal\u00e0isia es compren i venen t\u00edtols d’oli cru de palma per valor d’uns 250 milions de tones, \u00e9s a dir, unes 5 vegades el valor real de la producci\u00f3 mundial d’aquesta mat\u00e8ria primera. El 2015, el president del mercat de valors malaisi calculava que la xifra augmentaria als 310 milions de tones.<\/p>\n

Hi ha, per\u00f2, pocs estudis sobre l’impacte real dels mercats financers en els preus finals d’aquesta mat\u00e8ria primera. La financiaritzaci\u00f3 general de les mat\u00e8ries primeres, per\u00f2, ha estat sovint relacionada amb una major volatilitat dels preus a causa de l’especulaci\u00f3 que busquen els inversors.<\/strong> Oxfam el defineix aix\u00ed: “El comer\u00e7 de totes les mat\u00e8ries primeres est\u00e0 caracteritzat per un alt nivell de risc. Un bon nombre de factors – desastres naturals, males collites, canvis pol\u00edtics o econ\u00f2mics – poden afectar els preus de les mat\u00e8ries primeres, el que pot tenir impactes al llarg de la cadena de producci\u00f3. Mentre que els preus poden canviar r\u00e0pidament, els agents negocien amb un subministrament que \u00e9s volumin\u00f3s, car d’emmagatzemar i recol\u00b7lectat nom\u00e9s en certs per\u00edodes de l’any. Els preus s\u00f3n resultat de la mateixa manera de l’oferta i la demanda anticipades com de les condicions existents”.<\/p>\n

L’oli de palma \u00e9s, per\u00f2, alguna cosa especial. Les grans palmeres olieres triguen entre 3 i 4 anys a donar els seus primers fruits i es mantenen productives durant almenys 20 anys m\u00e9s. “Les plantacions de palma s\u00f3n apostes de tota una generaci\u00f3 familiar, de vegades fins i tot de diverses”, assegura Johan Verbug, assessor sobre cadenes de producci\u00f3 en favor dels pobres (advisor on Pro-Poor Value Chains) d’Oxfam. La producci\u00f3 \u00e9s aix\u00ed poc flexible, el que pot portar a una major volatilitat dels preus. D’altra banda, tot i que l’oli de palma \u00e9s el favorit de bona part de la ind\u00fastria, per la seva versatilitat i baix preu<\/strong>, es pot substituir f\u00e0cilment, especialment per soja. Durant els \u00faltims anys, amb l’impuls de l’\u00fas de l’oli de palma com a biocombustible s’ha afegit una nova variable: el tamb\u00e9 fluctuant preu del petroli.<\/p>\n

L’oli de palma est\u00e0 relacionat amb la desforestaci\u00f3, l’acaparament de terres i l’explotaci\u00f3 laboral<\/h3>\n

El paper del sector financer en la ind\u00fastria de l’oli de palma va m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de les p\u00e8rdues o beneficis que puguin obtenir els inversors o, fins i tot, el preu que finalment vagi a cobrar Zamzarmi. Embolicada en nombrosos esc\u00e0ndols des de fa d\u00e8cades, la ind\u00fastria de l’oli de palma ha estat relacionada amb desforestaci\u00f3, expropiacions de terres i greus abusos dels drets laborals, entre altres. Aquestes finances s\u00f3n un element clau per donar forma a la ind\u00fastria i orientar les inversions cap a empreses m\u00e9s o menys respectuoses amb el medi ambient o els drets humans<\/strong>, com ja s’han adonat nombroses organitzacions i consumidors. Per\u00f2 seguir el rastre de les inversions fins al final de la cadena no \u00e9s senzill.<\/p>\n

“Les opaques i complexes cadenes de valor del sector de l’oli de palma poden a\u00efllar els inversors de la percepci\u00f3 dels impactes i riscos socials i \u00e8tics de les seves inversions”<\/strong>, assegura Amigos de la Tierra a un informe publicat el juny de 2016<\/strong>. Un complex panorama en qu\u00e8 milers d’actors empenyen a milions d’adreces diferents convertint a aquesta ind\u00fastria en un sector vol\u00e0til i incert.<\/p>\n

Aquest treball pret\u00e9n analitzar de forma simplificada les diferents forces financeres que modelen en bona part la ind\u00fastria de l’oli palma. \u00c9s, per\u00f2, important entendre primer les tend\u00e8ncies generals cap a la financiaritzaci\u00f3 de les ind\u00fastries agr\u00edcoles, dins de la qual s’emmarca la pr\u00f2pia financiaritzaci\u00f3 creixent de l’oli de palma. Per aix\u00f2, analitzem en aquests dos cap\u00edtols ambdues realitats:<\/p>\n

– Els mercats financers i el palmell d’oli (I): Quan la naturalesa es converteix en mercaderia<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a>– Els mercats financers i el palmell d’oli (II): Una ind\u00fastria modelada pels inversors<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Aquests articles s\u00f3n fruit de la col\u00b7laboraci\u00f3 entre <\/span>Carro de Combate<\/a><\/strong> i<\/strong>Amigos de la Tierra.<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Font:<\/strong> Amigos de la Tierra – www.tierra.org<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Amigos de la Tierra 04\/03\/2017Els mercats financers i l’oli de palma: els diners darrere d’una indústria en expansió. Zamzarmi encara recorda quan els vermells fruits que donen els seus palmells es venien a un preu de tres a quatre vegades més elevat al d’avui, fa tot just cinc anys. “Abans es pagava molt més per […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":15003,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7164],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15005","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-actualitat"],"yoast_head":"\nEls mercats financers i l'oli de palma: els diners darrere d'una ind\u00fastria en expansi\u00f3 - Bio Eco Actual<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/ca\/2017\/03\/04\/els-mercats-financers-i-l-oli-de-palma-els-diners-darrere-d-una-industria-en-expansio\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Els mercats financers i l'oli de palma: els diners darrere d'una ind\u00fastria en expansi\u00f3\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Amigos de la Tierra 04\/03\/2017Els mercats financers i l’oli de palma: els diners darrere d’una indústria en expansió. 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