{"id":15012,"date":"2017-03-05T18:22:40","date_gmt":"2017-03-05T18:22:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/2017\/03\/05\/les-abelles-de-la-mel-estan-el-perill-per-joaquim-elcacho\/"},"modified":"2023-04-01T12:30:24","modified_gmt":"2023-04-01T10:30:24","slug":"les-abelles-de-la-mel-estan-el-perill-per-joaquim-elcacho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/ca\/2017\/03\/05\/les-abelles-de-la-mel-estan-el-perill-per-joaquim-elcacho\/","title":{"rendered":"Les abelles de la mel estan el perill. Per Joaquim Elcacho"},"content":{"rendered":"

L’abella de la mel \u00e9s un dels pocs insectes que compten amb la simpatia dels humans des de fa milers d’anys. Les antigues cultures d’Egipte, la Xina i Am\u00e9rica central ja aprofitaven la feina d’aquests insectes i, per exemple, a la cova de l’Aranya, a Bicorp (Val\u00e8ncia), es conserva un gravat de fa m\u00e9s de 9.000 anys on es pot veure la figura d’un home penjat d’unes lianes recol\u00b7lectant mel d’un rusc d’abelles silvestres.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

En les \u00faltimes d\u00e8cades per\u00f2, aquests pol\u00b7linitzadors incansables viuen amena\u00e7ats per totes bandes.<\/p>\n

En els anys 50\u2019s i 60\u2019s, el perill principal va sorgir amb l’\u00fas massiu d’insecticides<\/strong> com el DDT.\u00a0A principis de la d\u00e8cada dels 80, la nova amena\u00e7a portava el nom cient\u00edfic de Varroa destructor<\/i>, un \u00e0car semblant a una petita aranya -de nom\u00e9s\u00a0 0,4 mil\u00b7l\u00edmetres de di\u00e0metre- que parasita les abelles fins a produir la seva mort.<\/p>\n

La llista d’enemics de les abelles \u00e9s molt llarga i, des de fa pocs anys, inclou la temuda vespa asi\u00e0tica (de nom cient\u00edfic Vespa vellutina nigrithorax<\/i>), un insecte nadiu de la Xina que s’est\u00e0 estenent r\u00e0pidament per Espanya (despr\u00e9s d’haver estat introdu\u00eft accidentalment a Fran\u00e7a) i que t\u00e9 una habilitat especial per capturar i alimentar-se d’abelles de la mel.<\/p>\n

\"abejas<\/p>\n

A escala global, per\u00f2, el perill m\u00e9s greu que afecta a les abelles \u00e9s el canvi de model en la explotaci\u00f3 dels camps i els cultius. L’agricultura intensiva<\/strong>, totalment dependent de productes qu\u00edmics de s\u00edntesi com els insecticides i els herbicides, posa en perill la superviv\u00e8ncia de les abelles en general i de l’apicultura en particular.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Abans d’entrar en detall d’aquesta amena\u00e7a, recordem algunes dades que ens ajudaran a entendre la import\u00e0ncia de les abelles. Fins al 80% dels cultius alimentaris del m\u00f3n depenen del treball de pol\u00b7linitzaci\u00f3 que fan les abelles, tenint en compte que arreu del m\u00f3n hi ha unes 20.000 especies d’aquest tipus d’insectes himen\u00f2pters.<\/p>\n

A Espanya, el Registre General d’Explotacions Ramaderes indica que a tot l’Estat hi ha 2.722.327 ruscs o arnes declarades oficialment (dades d’abril de 2015) pels 23.816 apicultors censats. Si tenim en consideraci\u00f3 que en una primavera normal a cada rusc hi viu una mitjana de 40.000 abelles, veurem que el total d’abelles de la mel que pol\u00b7linitzen els nostres camps cada any \u00e9s de cent nou mil milions d’exemplars.<\/p>\n

Una de les amenaces m\u00e9s recents per aquest immens ex\u00e8rcit d’insectes benefactors es produeix amb la entrada en el mercat dels insecticides de nous productes com els neonicotinoides<\/strong>, unes substancies que en principi no semblava que afectessin a aquests insectes perqu\u00e8 normalment no els maten de forma fulminant.<\/p>\n

L’experi\u00e8ncia dels apicultors i diversos estudis van fer sospitar d’aquests productes. El 16 de gener de 2013 l’Ag\u00e8ncia Europea de Seguretat Aliment\u00e0ria (EFSA) va publicar un informe alertant a la Comissi\u00f3 Europea dels efectes nocius per a les abelles de tres insecticides neonicotinoides (imidacloprid, tiametoxam i\u00a0 clotianidina), fins i tot quan les dosis que puguin arribar als insectes i les seves larves estiguin per sota del l\u00edmit letal.<\/p>\n

No era la primera vegada que estudis cient\u00edfics posaven en q\u00fcesti\u00f3 la seguretat d’aquests insecticides. De fet, les primeres acusacions dels apicultors van motivar que el govern franc\u00e8s prohib\u00eds de forma cautelar el 2004 l’\u00fas de neonicotinoides en alguns cultius que poden ser visitats per les abelles. It\u00e0lia i Alemanya van seguir el mateix cam\u00ed i han adoptat restriccions parcials similars durant els \u00faltims anys.<\/p>\n

\"pesticidas<\/p>\n

Despr\u00e9s d’una llarga discussi\u00f3, l’1 de desembre de 2013 va entrar en vigor una restricci\u00f3 parcial de l’\u00fas d’aquests tres productes neonicotinoides i d’un quart insecticida conegut com a fipronil.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Aquest any 2017, la Comissi\u00f3 Europea hauria de revisar aquesta prohibici\u00f3 parcial i sembla que alguns representants de la industria qu\u00edmica estan movent els fils per tornar a liberalitzar totalment l’\u00fas d’aquests productes.<\/p>\n

L’organitzaci\u00f3 ecologista Greenpeace ha demanat a la Comissi\u00f3 Europea (CE) que prohibeixi “de manera completa” els pesticides neonicotinoides, als quals responsabilitza d’alterar les poblacions d’abelles i altres pol\u00b7linitzadors.<\/p>\n

En un informe fet p\u00fablic per Greenpeace a Brussel\u00b7les el 12 de gener, els investigadors de la Universitat de Sussex (Regne Unit), Thomas Wood i Dave Goulson, conclouen que desenes d’estudis portats a terme des del 2013 confirmen que els neonicotinoides no s\u00f3n segurs ni per a les abelles ni per a molts altres \u00e9ssers vius. “M\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de les abelles, els neonicotinoides poden vincular-se a caigudes de poblaci\u00f3 en papallones, ocells i insectes aqu\u00e0tics”,<\/i> va argumentar Dave Goulson a partir de les dades recollides en aquest informe.<\/p>\n

Despr\u00e9s de la presentaci\u00f3 d’aquest document, Enrico Brivio, portaveu de la Comissi\u00f3 Europea, va respondre les preguntes dels periodistes afirmant que “la Comissi\u00f3 Europea es pren molt seriosament la protecci\u00f3 de les abelles”. “\u00c9s precisament per aix\u00f2 que les restriccions d’\u00fas dels neonicotinoides estan encara en vigor i ho estaran fins que es completi l’avaluaci\u00f3 final sobre la seva seguretat”<\/i>, va concloure Enrico Brivio.<\/p>\n

El futur de les abelles de la mel dep\u00e8n en part d’aquesta decisi\u00f3 que es podria donar a con\u00e8ixer a finals d’aquest any.<\/p>\n

Autor:\u00a0<\/strong>Joaquim Elcacho, Periodista especialitzat en Medi Ambient i Ci\u00e8ncia
\n<\/em>Bio Eco Actual Mar\u00e7 2017<\/strong>
\n<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L’abella de la mel és un dels pocs insectes que compten amb la simpatia dels humans des de fa milers d’anys. Les antigues cultures d’Egipte, la Xina i América central ja aprofitaven la feina d’aquests insectes i, per exemple, a la cova de l’Aranya, a Bicorp (València), es conserva un gravat de fa més de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":15933,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7164],"tags":[2059,5582,5583,1427,4564,3666],"class_list":["post-15012","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-actualitat","tag-abejas","tag-abejas-miel","tag-peligro-abejas","tag-pesticidas","tag-pesticidas-abejas","tag-sos-abejas"],"yoast_head":"\nLes abelles de la mel estan el perill. 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