{"id":19460,"date":"2017-10-21T19:19:22","date_gmt":"2017-10-21T17:19:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/?p=19460\/"},"modified":"2018-02-02T12:16:40","modified_gmt":"2018-02-02T10:16:40","slug":"canvi-climatic-accelera-extincio-especies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/ca\/2017\/10\/21\/canvi-climatic-accelera-extincio-especies\/","title":{"rendered":"El canvi clim\u00e0tic accelera l’extinci\u00f3 d’esp\u00e8cies"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les altes temperatures d’aquest estiu, amb\u00a0 r\u00e8cords hist\u00f2rics en onades de calor com les de les primeres setmanes de juny, ens mostren alguns dels efectes del canvi clim\u00e0tic. En moltes regions, la nostra salut i la de moltes altres especies es veu seriosament afectada per l’escalfament global.
\n<\/p>\n

Los animales y plantas con mayor capacidad de adaptaci\u00f3n sobreviven con estrategias diversas -desde emigrar hacia zonas m\u00e1s fr\u00edas hasta adelantar la temporada de cr\u00eda, modificar la dieta o crecer menos- pero muchas otras no pueden hacer frente al dilema de adaptarse o morir.<\/p>\n

Les persones que estimen els ocells de ben segur que reconeixen f\u00e0cilment la mallerenga carbonera <\/strong>(Parus major<\/em>), una esp\u00e8cie comuna a pr\u00e0cticament tot Europa. Un equip d’investigadors de la Universitat de Oxford<\/strong> ha comprovat que durant els \u00faltims 100 anys la data de posada d’ous de les mallerengues que viuen al Regne Unit s’ha avan\u00e7at una mitjana de dues setmanes. Aquesta modificaci\u00f3 del calendari reproductiu permet adaptar-se millor al canvi clim\u00e0tic, que provoca que els insectes -aliment principal de les mallerengues- apareguin als camps cada any m\u00e9s d’hora.<\/p>\n

L’evoluci\u00f3 ha afavorit en aquest cas als ocells que inicien el proc\u00e9s de cria abans d’hora, mentre que els exemplars que continuen amb el calendari antic tenen menys possibilitats d’\u00e8xit reproductiu i, per tant, van cam\u00ed de l’extinci\u00f3.<\/p>\n

“D\u2019aqu\u00ed a finals de segle m\u00e9s de la meitat de les esp\u00e8cies d’animals i plantes del nostre pa\u00eds es veuran greument afectades pel canvi clim\u00e0tic”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

No tots els ocells tenen facilitats per adaptar-se al canvi clim\u00e0tic. Un estudi publicat al gener de 2012 a la revista Nature Climate Change<\/em><\/strong> per investigadors de set pa\u00efsos europeus indicava que durant les dues \u00faltimes d\u00e8cades les papallones s’han despla\u00e7at una mitjana de 114 quil\u00f2metres cap al nord (en el conjunt del continent) mentre que els ocells nom\u00e9s han emigrat 37 quil\u00f2metres. La manca de sincronia augura una trag\u00e8dia existencial generalitzada perqu\u00e8, segons aquest mateix estudi, en nom\u00e9s 20 anys el conjunt de temperatures del continent s’ha despla\u00e7at cap al nord una mitjana de 250 quil\u00f2metres. \u00c9s dir, per trobar la mateixa temperatura que tenia un punt determinat d’Europa fa dues d\u00e8cades ara cal anar a buscar-la 250 quil\u00f2metres m\u00e9s al nord.<\/p>\n

A Am\u00e8rica tamb\u00e9 hi ha molts exemples d’esp\u00e8cies en perill per culpa del canvi clim\u00e0tic, com \u00e9s el cas de la pica americana<\/strong> (Ochotona princeps<\/em>). Aquest petit rosegador parent lluny\u00e0 del conill, viu a l’oest dels Estats Units i Canad\u00e0 i est\u00e0 perfectament adaptat a les baixes temperatures de les muntanyes. T\u00e9 una gran habilitat per excavar caus a la neu i la seva pell i p\u00e8l el protegeixen de les temperatures m\u00e9s extremes. Per\u00f2 nom\u00e9s de les baixes temperatures. A l’estiu la pica americana pot morir literalment asfixiada de calor si no troba un lloc fresc on refugiar-se. La resist\u00e8ncia t\u00e8rmica d’aquest animal ha arribat al l\u00edmit en regions com la Gran Conca (en angl\u00e8s: Great Basin<\/em>). En aquesta zona muntanyosa i \u00e0rida entre les Rocoses i la Serra Nevada nord-americana, la poblaci\u00f3 de piques pr\u00e0cticament ha desaparegut en nom\u00e9s dues d\u00e8cades.<\/p>\n

El panda es queda sense bamb\u00fa<\/h3>\n

\u00c0sia tampoc \u00e9s una excepci\u00f3 d’aquest proc\u00e9s. La relaci\u00f3 entre clima i dieta comen\u00e7a a preocupar els experts que estudien al panda gegant<\/strong> (Ailuropoda melanoleuca<\/em>) . En un article publicat el novembre de 2012 a la revista Nature Climate Change<\/em><\/strong>, cient\u00edfics de l’Acad\u00e8mia de Ci\u00e8ncies de la Xina i de la Universitat Estatal de Michigan<\/strong> (EUA) indicaven que, fins i tot en l’escenari de canvi clim\u00e0tic m\u00e9s optimista, el bamb\u00fa desapareixer\u00e0 abans d’acabar aquest segle a les muntanyes de la prov\u00edncia xinesa de Shaanxi, on viuen actualment 275 pandes (de la subesp\u00e8cie panda de qinling), el 17% de la poblaci\u00f3 mundial d’aquest emblem\u00e0tic animal.<\/p>\n

\"El<\/a><\/p>\n

Al cercle polar \u00c0rtic trobem el cas de la guineu polar<\/strong> (Alopex lagopus<\/em>), una de les esp\u00e8cies que presenten la capacitat de canviar de coloraci\u00f3 en funci\u00f3 de l’estaci\u00f3 del any. La guineu polar vesteix de blanc quan el seu h\u00e0bitat natural est\u00e0 cobert de neu i enfosqueix el seu pelatge quan arriba la primavera, quan hi ha m\u00e9s zones rocoses al descobert.<\/p>\n

La progressiva desaparici\u00f3 de les zones cobertes pel gel, produ\u00efda pel canvi del clima, est\u00e0 reduint els dominis de la guineu polar i facilitant la compet\u00e8ncia de la guineu comuna <\/strong>(Vulpes vulpes<\/em>), adverteixen els experts. No cal dir que la superviv\u00e8ncia de la guineu polar es troba en perill imminent.<\/p>\n

Sense anar tan lluny, un estudi elaborat el 2011 per experts del Consell Superior d’Investigacions Cient\u00edfiques (CSIC)<\/strong> indica que d’aqu\u00ed a finals de segle m\u00e9s de la meitat de les esp\u00e8cies d’animals i plantes del nostre pa\u00eds es veuran greument afectades pel canvi clim\u00e0tic.<\/p>\n

Els m\u00e9s perjudicats per l’escalfament i la disminuci\u00f3 de les pluges seran els amfibis, amb un 85% d’esp\u00e8cies que perdran com a m\u00ednim una tercera part del territori que ocupen actualment. El mateix fenomen de contracci\u00f3 de l’espai amb bones condicions per a la vida afectar\u00e0 abans que acabi el segle al 67% de les esp\u00e8cies de r\u00e8ptils, el 63% de les aus i el 67% dels mam\u00edfers.<\/p>\n

En alguns casos es produiran importants despla\u00e7aments al territori (a la recerca de zones menys c\u00e0lides) mentre que en altres casos es reduir\u00e0 dr\u00e0sticament la poblaci\u00f3 o fins i tot es produiran extincions locals.<\/p>\n

“Els ambients adequats per a les sureres hauran desaparegut a mitjans de segle d’Extremadura i Andalusia, i a finals de segle de Catalunya”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Les plantes tamb\u00e9 es veuen afectades pel canvi clim\u00e0tic<\/h3>\n

Alguns models posats a prova pels experts del CSIC indiquen que a finals de segle, les condicions ambientals \u00f2ptimes per al creixement d’arbres tan emblem\u00e0tics com l’alzina surera<\/strong> (Quercus suber<\/em>, d’on s’extreu el suro) s’hauran modificat radicalment a Espanya. Els ambients adequats per a les sureres hauran desaparegut a mitjan segle d’Extremadura i Andalusia, i a finals de segle de Catalunya. Les noves \u00e0rees potencials per a la superviv\u00e8ncia d’aquesta esp\u00e8cie s’obren en el Nord-oest de la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e8rica, Gal\u00edcia i Ast\u00faries occidental.<\/p>\n

Durant els darrers anys ja s’ha demostrat en diverses zones de la Pen\u00ednsula modificacions en la coberta vegetal que es poden associar al canvi clim\u00e0tic. Un dels casos m\u00e9s ben documentats \u00e9s la progressiva substituci\u00f3 de fagedes per alzinars al mass\u00eds del Montseny (Catalunya), amb estudis destacats com el publicat pels investigadors Josep Pe\u00f1uelas i Mart\u00ed Boada<\/strong> el 2003 a la revista Global Change Biology<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Autor:\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Joaquim Elcacho<\/a>, Periodista especialitzat en Medi Ambient i Ci\u00e8ncia<\/em><\/p>\n

Bio Eco Actual<\/strong>, informatiu mensual gratu\u00eft impr\u00e8s i digital 100% ecol\u00f2gic
\n<\/em>Bio Eco Actual Octubre 2017<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les altes temperatures d’aquest estiu, amb  rècords històrics en onades de calor com les de les primeres setmanes de juny, ens mostren alguns dels efectes del canvi climàtic. En moltes regions, la nostra salut i la de moltes altres especies es veu seriosament afectada per l’escalfament global.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19458,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7164],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19460","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-actualitat"],"yoast_head":"\nEl canvi clim\u00e0tic accelera l'extinci\u00f3 d'esp\u00e8cies - Bio Eco Actual<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les altes temperatures d'aquest estiu, amb\u00a0 r\u00e8cords hist\u00f2rics en onades de calor com les de les primeres setmanes de juny... 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