{"id":22476,"date":"2018-06-04T16:52:25","date_gmt":"2018-06-04T14:52:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/?p=22476"},"modified":"2018-06-04T16:52:25","modified_gmt":"2018-06-04T14:52:25","slug":"microorganismes-vs-fertilitzants-quimics-al-rescat-del-sol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/ca\/2018\/06\/04\/microorganismes-vs-fertilitzants-quimics-al-rescat-del-sol\/","title":{"rendered":"Microorganismes vs fertilitzants qu\u00edmics: al rescat del s\u00f2l"},"content":{"rendered":"

Davant l’augment de l’escalfament global i l’actual crisi mediambiental, l’agricultura s’enfronta a un doble repte: produir aliments d’acord a les condicions clim\u00e0tiques futures i fer-ho de forma m\u00e9s respectuosa amb l’entorn. Per afrontar els dos reptes resulta fonamental replantejar les pr\u00e0ctiques agr\u00edcoles actuals; entre elles les vinculades a la fertilitzaci\u00f3 dels cultius.<\/p>\n

Se’ns acumulen els fertilitzants<\/h3>\n

En general, el sector agr\u00edcola es regeix per una \u00fanica premissa: produir constantment i al m\u00e0xim possible. I per aconseguir-ho fa servir, entre altres subst\u00e0ncies, ingents dosis de fertilitzants i adobs que aporten a les plantes els nutrients que han perdut els s\u00f2ls explotats.<\/p>\n

No obstant aix\u00f2, els cultius no tenen temps per absorbir les elevades dosis d’aquests productes i els seus compostos acaben dipositant-se en l’entorn. Alguns es volatilitzen i s’acumulen en l’aire, principalment, en forma d’\u00f2xid nitr\u00f3s (un gas que augmenta l’escalfament global en un 300% respecte al di\u00f2xid de carboni). Altres penetren per lixiviaci\u00f3 o per corrents d’aigua a les aig\u00fces subterr\u00e0nies. Les conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies d’aix\u00f2 s\u00f3n alarmants.<\/p>\n

Per exemple, a Espanya, els adobs nitrogenats han provocat que el 41% dels aq\u00fc\u00edfers catalans<\/a> hagin superat el l\u00edmit legal de nitrocompostos. O que a\u00a0Arag\u00f3<\/a>, 11 trams de rius i 36 sistemes d’aigua subterr\u00e0nia -m\u00e9s d’un ter\u00e7 del total estiguin contaminats per nitrats, o en risc d’estar-ho. De la mateixa manera, el Mar Menor<\/a> porta anys patint greus problemes d’eutrofitzaci\u00f3 -acumulaci\u00f3 de residus org\u00e0nics en ecosistemes aqu\u00e0tics- a causa dels fertilitzants i adobs agr\u00edcoles.<\/p>\n

Els adobs nitrogenats han provocat que el 41% dels aq\u00fc\u00edfers catalans hagin superat el l\u00edmit legal de nitrocompostos<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Malgrat aix\u00f2, durant els \u00faltims cinc anys, l’\u00fas de fertilitzants nitrogenats, fosfatats i pot\u00e0ssics no ha parat d’augmentar al nostre pa\u00eds, segons l’Associaci\u00f3 Nacional de Fabricants de Fertilitzants (ANNFE). I el mateix a escala global. La FAO<\/a> vaticina que el 2018 es faran servir m\u00e9s de 200 milions de tones en el m\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Davant d’aquestes previsions, se succeeixen les investigacions per trobar noves f\u00f3rmules de fertilitzar els cultius. Els microorganismes beneficiosos per al s\u00f2l, tamb\u00e9 coneguts com bioestimulants<\/strong> o inoculants microbians<\/strong>, s\u00f3n una de les alternatives m\u00e9s prometedores.<\/p>\n

Aquesta tecnologia es basa en preparats de microorganismes espec\u00edfics que milloren la salut del s\u00f2l, i, per tant, el desenvolupament de les plantes de m\u00faltiples formes: facilitant l’acc\u00e9s a nutrients, fixant el nitrogen atmosf\u00e8ric, millorant l’absorci\u00f3 d’aigua o actuant com agents de control biol\u00f2gic. A m\u00e9s, compleixen amb les mancances dels adobs convencionals: s\u00f3n biodegradables, renovables, no s\u00f3n t\u00f2xics per a la flora i fauna auxiliar i no generen residus.<\/p>\n

\"Microorganismos<\/a><\/p>\n

Resultats prometedors<\/h3>\n

Recentement un metaestudi<\/a>, realitzat per l’Institut de Recerca Org\u00e0nica (FiBL) i la\u00a0Universitat de Basilea<\/a>,\u00a0va examinar la bibliografia cient\u00edfica de 171 treballs sobre bioestimulants per avaluar el rendiment d’aquest tipus de fertilitzants.<\/p>\n

Aquesta investigaci\u00f3, publicada a la revista Frontiers in Plant Science<\/em>, va concloure que els inoculants microbians poden millorar l’efici\u00e8ncia de les plantes per captar f\u00f2sfor i nitrogen (elements essencials per al desenvolupament d’aquests \u00e9ssers vius). I, en conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, reduir els costos de fertilitzaci\u00f3 i incrementar fins a un 40% la productivitat de les collites.<\/p>\n

A m\u00e9s, els autors del treball van observar que, en general, els bioestimulants tenen un major rendiment en \u00e0rees seques, com el mediterrani o zones tropicals seques de l’\u00cdndia o \u00c0frica. Una circumst\u00e0ncia que quadra amb el fet que tamb\u00e9 van constatar que com m\u00e9s elevat \u00e9s el contingut d’humus en el s\u00f2l (produ\u00eft per la pres\u00e8ncia de fongs i bacteris descomponedors) m\u00e9s dif\u00edcil resulta l’establiment dels microorganismes introdu\u00efts de manera artificial, i per tant l’efic\u00e0cia dels mateixos.<\/p>\n

Aquest resultat \u00e9s d’especial inter\u00e8s, ja que de cara al clima esdevenidor, m\u00e9s sec i calor\u00f3s, l’\u00fas de inoculants microbians podria ser clau com a estrat\u00e8gia d’adaptaci\u00f3 per a conrear plantes aliment\u00e0ries.<\/p>\n

L’estudi tamb\u00e9 va certificar la relaci\u00f3 entre el contingut de f\u00f2sfor del s\u00f2l i l’efici\u00e8ncia dels microorganismes introdu\u00efts. Amb les dades obtingudes i les noves l\u00ednies d’investigaci\u00f3 actuals, els experts confien que en un futur es pugui arribar a produir soques de microorganismes espec\u00edfics en funci\u00f3 de les necessitats de cada s\u00f2l.<\/p>\n

Nou marc legislatiu<\/h3>\n

Mentrestant, els inoculants microbians van guanyat terreny a tot el m\u00f3n. A Austr\u00e0lia, Estats Units, M\u00e8xic i altres pa\u00efsos sud-americans ja s’han convertit en una pr\u00e0ctica agr\u00edcola establerta.<\/p>\n

En canvi, a Espanya encara no s’han consolidat, degut, en gran mesura, al fet que fins a finals de 2017, aquesta tecnologia no estava inclosa en la legislaci\u00f3 que regula l’\u00fas de fertilitzants. Ara, per\u00f2, que compta amb un marc legislatiu<\/a> (Reial Decret 999\/2017) i noves normatives de certificaci\u00f3 \u00e9s previsible que, en els propers anys, es comercialitzin i s’emprin m\u00e9s aquests productes. Tot i aix\u00ed, des de la Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola de Fabricantes de Agronutrientes (AEFA) lamenten que aquest nou marc legal no inclogui m\u00e9s tipus de bioestimulants. I subratllen el descontentament dels productors per l’alt cost de certificaci\u00f3 i el desequilibri de repartiment de responsabilitats, carregades fonamentalment sobre els fabricants.<\/p>\n

De cara a 2020 l’impuls del sector podria ser encara m\u00e9s gran, un cop s’aprovi el Reglament Europeu per a l’\u00fas de Fertilitzants i Bioestimulants. A l’espera d’aquesta regulaci\u00f3, la ci\u00e8ncia continua desenvolupant aquesta tecnologia que aspira a ‘revitalitzar’ els terrenys agr\u00edcoles.<\/p>\n

Autor:\u00a0<\/strong>Juan Gay\u00e1<\/a>, Periodista ambiental i cient\u00edfic<\/p>\n

Bio Eco Actual<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0el teu mensual 100% ecol\u00f2gic
\n<\/em>Llegir\u00a0Bio Eco Actual Juny 2018<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Davant l’augment de l’escalfament global i l’actual crisi mediambiental, l’agricultura s’enfronta a un doble repte: produir aliments d’acord a les condicions climàtiques futures i fer-ho de forma més respectuosa amb l’entorn. Per afrontar els dos reptes resulta fonamental replantejar les pràctiques agrícoles actuals; entre elles les vinculades a la fertilització dels cultius.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":121624,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7164,7170,7160,7166],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-actualitat","category-horticultura-bio","category-medi-ambient","category-nutricio"],"yoast_head":"\nMicroorganismes vs fertilitzants qu\u00edmics: al rescat del s\u00f2l - Bio Eco Actual<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Els microorganismes beneficiosos per al s\u00f2l, tamb\u00e9 coneguts com bioestimulants o inoculants microbians, s\u00f3n una de les alternatives m\u00e9s prometedores\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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