{"id":29756,"date":"2020-01-04T10:00:23","date_gmt":"2020-01-04T08:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/?p=29756"},"modified":"2020-01-02T18:53:35","modified_gmt":"2020-01-02T16:53:35","slug":"plastics-biodegradables-futur-de-lenvas-alimentari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/ca\/2020\/01\/04\/plastics-biodegradables-futur-de-lenvas-alimentari\/","title":{"rendered":"Pl\u00e0stics biodegradables, futur de l’env\u00e0s alimentari"},"content":{"rendered":"

El pl\u00e0stic<\/strong> \u00e9s necessari per al desenvolupament i funcionament de la nostra societat, no podr\u00edem funcionar sense ell. Per\u00f2 a l’igual que el pl\u00e0stic \u00e9s imprescindible ara per ara, els impactes ambientals que genera al llarg del seu cicle de vida no ho s\u00f3n. El futur de l’env\u00e0s alimentari passa pels pl\u00e0stics biodegradables<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Pl\u00e1sticos<\/p>\n

Els residus pl\u00e0stics<\/strong>, la seva gesti\u00f3 i destrucci\u00f3, s\u00f3n un dels majors i greus problemes a qu\u00e8 s’enfronta a nivell global el planeta en aquest moment. Gran part dels pl\u00e0stics generats acaben la seva vida com a residu en abocador on no se’ls d\u00f3na cap \u00fas ni es busca la seva valoritzaci\u00f3. I aix\u00f2 aquells que arriben a abocador, perqu\u00e8 gran part dels pl\u00e0stics produ\u00efts a l’any en el m\u00f3n acaben contaminant les aig\u00fces i el s\u00f2l de forma irreversible, ja que, per la seva persist\u00e8ncia, seguiran all\u00e0 durant centenars d’anys. I \u00e9s la persist\u00e8ncia el que els converteix en un problema de primer ordre. La durabilitat dels pl\u00e0stics d’\u00fas quotidi\u00e0 ve determinada per la mat\u00e8ria primera que es fa servir com a base per crear-los. El seu origen \u00e9s derivat del petroli que per la seva naturalesa i estructura molecular no poden degradar de forma natural. No s\u00f3n biodegradables, i \u00fanicament a trav\u00e9s de l’acci\u00f3 humana poden desapar\u00e8ixer del medi en el qual s’han introdu\u00eft. Complicat, per no dir impossible.<\/p>\n

Els pl\u00e0stics s\u00f3n llargues cadenes moleculars conegudes com pol\u00edmers. Aquestes cadenes estan formades per subunitats m\u00e9s petites unides entre si. La possible degradaci\u00f3 d’aquestes ve determinada per la for\u00e7a d’uni\u00f3 que s’estableix entre aquestes cadenes. Els pl\u00e0stics comuns que fem servir d’habitual en bosses i ampolles, com el polietil\u00e8<\/strong> o el polipropil\u00e8<\/strong>, presenten unions fortes que els fan indestructibles a curt i mig termini.<\/p>\n

Hi ha pl\u00e0stics de base biol\u00f2gica, com els que fan servir mid\u00f3 de blat de moro o patata, els de cel\u00b7lulosa, \u00e0cid polil\u00e0ctic o PLA, i polihidroxialcanoat o PHA<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Els pl\u00e0stics amb unions febles es degraden f\u00e0cilment, i en el cas dels pl\u00e0stics biodegradables, les unions s\u00f3n tan febles que els processos metab\u00f2lics de bacteris i fongs s\u00f3n capa\u00e7os de trencar-les. Els enlla\u00e7os en els pl\u00e0stics biodegradables presenten com a caracter\u00edstica principal que les seves unions involucren grups qu\u00edmics, com s\u00f3n els \u00e8sters, que els permeten ser degradats. D’aquesta forma l’aigua, juntament amb els enzims i els \u00e0cids org\u00e0nics generats pels bacteris i fongs, s\u00f3n capa\u00e7os de trencar aquests enlla\u00e7os i metabolitzar les unitats fins convertir-les en aigua, di\u00f2xid i met\u00e0, materials que al seu torn s\u00f3n usats per a generar mat\u00e8ria org\u00e0nica pels microorganismes que en la seva degradaci\u00f3 participen.<\/p>\n

Per tant, un pl\u00e0stic \u00e9s biodegradable nom\u00e9s si es descompon en fragments que els microorganismes siguin capa\u00e7os de consumir com a nutrients de forma completa. Servir d’aliment per fongs i bacteris garanteix que ser\u00e0 eliminat del medi on es troba i s\u2019 aconseguir\u00e0 la seva eliminaci\u00f3 en un per\u00edode de temps establert. Tot pl\u00e0stic que no compleixi les premisses anteriors no pot ser qualificat com biodegradable, i, per tant, no pot fer servir aquesta definici\u00f3 perqu\u00e8 \u00e9s una falsedat.<\/p>\n

Alternatives sostenibles als pl\u00e0stics tradicionals ja existeixen. Es produeixen pl\u00e0stics la base dels quals s\u00f3n altres mat\u00e8ries primeres diferents al petroli. Hi ha pl\u00e0stics de base biol\u00f2gica, com els que fan servir mid\u00f3 de blat de moro o patata, els de cel\u00b7lulosa, l’\u00e0cid polil\u00e0ctic o PLA, i el polihidroxialcanoat o PHA.<\/p>\n

L’\u00e0cid polil\u00e0ctic o PLA<\/strong>, \u00e9s un derivat de l’\u00e0cid l\u00e0ctic fet amb mat\u00e8ries primeres 100% renovables que presenta propietats semblants a les del tereftalat de polietil\u00e8 (PET), que \u00e9s el pl\u00e0stic m\u00e9s utilitzat per fer envasos. Substitueix el polietil\u00e8 de baixa densitat i alta densitat, poliestir\u00e8, tereftalat de polietil\u00e8, i el polipropil\u00e8<\/strong>. \u00c9s un pl\u00e0stic idoni per a la confecci\u00f3 de recipients i embalatges que estaran en contacte amb aliments. \u00c9s biodegradable en condicions de compostatge amb temperatures de l’ordre de 60\u00b0 C, sent consumit pels microorganismes que el degraden en aigua i \u00f2xid de carboni. Es pot usar per fer envasos, caixes, tapes, terrines o coberts, una alternativa a productes tradicionals, i respectuosa amb el medi ambient.<\/p>\n

\"Existen<\/p>\n

Un altre dels pl\u00e0stics biodegradable que trobem \u00e9s el polihidroxialcanoat o PHA<\/strong>. Es tracta de mon\u00f2mers poli\u00e8sters lineals produ\u00efts naturalment per l’acci\u00f3 dels bacteris en el proc\u00e9s de fermentaci\u00f3 del sucre o l\u00edpids de mat\u00e8ries primeres vegetals. Els microorganismes els fan servir com a material d’emmagatzematge de carboni i d’energia. Substitueixen el polipropil\u00e8 i al polietil\u00e8<\/strong>. S’usen per a l’obtenci\u00f3 de biopol\u00edmers emprats en la producci\u00f3 de taps, bosses, envasos i ampolles.<\/p>\n

El mid\u00f3 termopl\u00e0stic o TPS<\/strong> es produeix al convertir mid\u00f3 base en un material biopl\u00e0stic mitjan\u00e7ant proc\u00e9s f\u00edsic que consisteix en trencar i fondre l’estructura del mateix. Perqu\u00e8 es produeixi el proc\u00e9s cal aportar additius plastificants que incrementen la flexibilitat del material. El TPS destaca per ser un material vers\u00e0til en les seves propietats, que pot ser modificat f\u00e0cilment amb additius superficials. S’usa en la fabricaci\u00f3 de bosses i film, substituint al teraftalat de polietil\u00e8<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Els biopl\u00e0stics basats en mid\u00f3<\/strong> es poden usar en gran varietat d’aplicacions pel fet que depenent dels pol\u00edmers que s’afegeixin permeten crear materials compostos \u00fanics. Substitueixen el poliestir\u00e8<\/strong>. Aquests materials es poden modelar o extruir com qualsevol tipus de pl\u00e0stic. El seu gran avantatge \u00e9s que es degraden amb gran celeritat. El seu inconvenient \u00e9s que s\u00f3n hidrosolubles.<\/p>\n

Tamb\u00e9 trobem biopl\u00e0stics basats en cel\u00b7lulosa<\/strong>, la mat\u00e8ria primera \u00e9s la polpa de fusta de la qual s’extreu cel\u00b7lulosa. Substitueixen el polipropil\u00e8<\/strong>. S\u00f3n r\u00edgids i d’una resist\u00e8ncia apreciable, es destinen a la producci\u00f3 d’etiquetes i taps.<\/p>\n

Autor: <\/strong>Ra\u00fal Mart\u00ednez, Dietista-nutricionista, bi\u00f2leg.<\/p>\n

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\nLlegir\u00a0Bio Eco Actual Gener 2020<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El plàstic és necessari per al desenvolupament i funcionament de la nostra societat, no podríem funcionar sense ell. Però a l’igual que el plàstic és imprescindible ara per ara, els impactes ambientals que genera al llarg del seu cicle de vida no ho són. El futur de l’envàs alimentari passa pels plàstics biodegradables.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":29750,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7164,7160,7173],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-actualitat","category-medi-ambient","category-professional"],"yoast_head":"\nPl\u00e0stics biodegradables, futur de l'env\u00e0s alimentari<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El pl\u00e0stic \u00e9s necessari per al funcionament de la nostra societat, no podr\u00edem funcionar sense ell. 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