{"id":38240,"date":"2020-07-21T10:00:46","date_gmt":"2020-07-21T08:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/?p=38240"},"modified":"2020-07-21T10:06:01","modified_gmt":"2020-07-21T08:06:01","slug":"soroll-i-exces-de-llum-dos-contaminants-a-tenir-molt-en-compte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/ca\/2020\/07\/21\/soroll-i-exces-de-llum-dos-contaminants-a-tenir-molt-en-compte\/","title":{"rendered":"Soroll i exc\u00e9s de llum, dos contaminants a tenir molt en compte"},"content":{"rendered":"

Viure en una ciutat pot tenir les seves avantatges per\u00f2, per desgr\u00e0cia, les grans urbs tamb\u00e9 sotmeten als seus habitants a ambients que perjudiquen seriosament la salut.
\nDos dels efectes negatius sobre la qualitat de vida dels ciutadans que en ocasions tenim poc en compte s\u00f3n la contaminaci\u00f3 ac\u00fastica<\/strong> i la contaminaci\u00f3 lum\u00ednica<\/strong>. Parlem de soroll i exc\u00e9s de llum, dos contaminants a tenir molt en compte.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Ruido<\/p>\n

Per tenir una idea clara i amb base cient\u00edfica d’aquest problema, i centrant-nos primer en la contaminaci\u00f3 ac\u00fastica, \u00e9s imprescindible fer esment a les directrius elaborades per l’Organitzaci\u00f3 Mundial de la Salut<\/strong> i els estudis liderats en els darrers anys per cient\u00edfics de l’Institut de Salut Global, <\/strong>de Barcelona (ISGlobal) i de l\u2019Escola Nacional de Sanitat de l’Institut de Salut Carlos III<\/strong>, a Madrid.<\/p>\n

El soroll del tr\u00e0nsit “provoca tanta malaltia com la contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica”, indicava un informe publicat el 2017 per ISGlobal a la revista Environment International. <\/em><\/strong>En aquest treball, els experts van arribar a la conclusi\u00f3 que el soroll del tr\u00e0nsit contribueix amb “un 36% a la c\u00e0rrega de malaltia provocada per la planificaci\u00f3 urbana i del transport, un percentatge superior fins i tot a l’atribu\u00efble a la contaminaci\u00f3 de l’aire”.<\/p>\n

“El soroll del tr\u00e0nsit s’associa amb la hipertensi\u00f3, malalties cardiovasculars i ictus, a m\u00e9s existeixen evid\u00e8ncies que l’exposici\u00f3 a soroll durant la nit \u00e9s particularment perjudicial, perqu\u00e8 afecta els processos de regeneraci\u00f3 que es produeixen en el cos durant la fase de son”, segons les explicacions de Natalie Mueller, investigadora d’ISGlobal i primera autora de l’estudi.<\/p>\n

El soroll del tr\u00e0nsit provoca tanta malaltia com la contaminaci\u00f3 atmosf\u00e8rica<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

En una de les investigacions m\u00e9s recents en aquest camp, publicada en la versi\u00f3 on line<\/em> de la revista Science of the Total Environment<\/em><\/strong>, el passat mes de gener, l’equip liderat per Julio D\u00edaz <\/em><\/strong>i Cristina Linares<\/em><\/strong>, del departament d’Epidemiologia i Bioestad\u00edstica de l’Escola Nacional de Sanitat<\/strong>, conclou que la contaminaci\u00f3 ac\u00fastica provocada pel tr\u00e0nsit urb\u00e0 \u00e9s un important factor de risc en l’aparici\u00f3 dels s\u00edmptomes de malalties com la depressi\u00f3 i l’ansietat.<\/p>\n

Especialment, aquests experts destaquen que el soroll del tr\u00e0nsit estressa el sistema nervi\u00f3s en dos nivells. D’una banda, t\u00e9 un impacte psicol\u00f2gic lligat a l’excitaci\u00f3 de l’hipot\u00e0lem despr\u00e9s de l’arribada del so a les estructures tal\u00e0miques auditives.
\nDe l’altra, hi ha alteracions org\u00e0niques en l’eix hipotal\u00e0mic pitu\u00eftari adrenocortical (HPA) i el sistema simp\u00e0tic adrenal medul\u00b7lar (SAM).<\/p>\n

L’OMS va publicar el 2018 les Guies Europees sobre Soroll Ambiental<\/em><\/strong>, un document en el qual inclouen recomanacions sobre els nivells de soroll que s’haurien d’establir com a refer\u00e8ncia amb base en totes les ciutats europees per contribuir a la salut dels seus habitants.<\/p>\n

L’estudi esmentat inicialment sobre la contaminaci\u00f3 ac\u00fastica a Barcelona indicava que les persones que viuen en aquesta capital estan exposades a una mitjana di\u00e0ria de 65,1 decibels (dB) durant el dia i de 57,6 decibels a la nit. La Guia Europea sobre Soroll Ambiental indicava, per contra, que el soroll generat pel tr\u00e0nsit hauria de situar-se en les ciutats per sota dels 53 dB durant el dia i per sota dels 45 dB durant la nit.<\/p>\n

Els llums LED ens perjudiquen<\/h3>\n

La nit tamb\u00e9 es veu afectada per un altre element contaminant poc estudiat fins ara, l’exc\u00e9s de llum o contaminaci\u00f3 lum\u00ednica. En aquest cas, un factor que dificulta l’estudi del problema \u00e9s que en cultures com la nostra, la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3 artificial -que sens dubte \u00e9s un avan\u00e7 social notable en molts casos- s’ha convertit en un element associat al\u00a0\u00a0 consum, el nivell econ\u00f2mic i fins i tot la felicitat malentesa -la extravagant il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3 nadalenca de Vigo<\/a> n\u2019\u00e9s un clar exemple-.<\/p>\n

\"Ruido<\/p>\n

L’aparici\u00f3 de les llums tipus LED pot haver redu\u00eft el consum energ\u00e8tic equivalent per\u00f2 els cient\u00edfics especialitzats en camps com la cronobiologia<\/strong> recorden que la salut de les persones tamb\u00e9 dep\u00e8n del manteniment dels cicles d’exposici\u00f3 a la llum natural.<\/p>\n

Durant el dia hem de poder gaudir de la llum del Sol i a les nits no hem de tenir por a la foscor, v\u00e9nen a dir-nos els experts.<\/p>\n

Les persones que treballen en torns de nit -que pateixen l’alteraci\u00f3 del cicle circadi\u00e0 i una major exposici\u00f3 a la il\u00b7luminaci\u00f3 artificial pateixen aquest problema de forma especial, per\u00f2 no s\u00f3n les \u00faniques.<\/p>\n

Un estudi coordinat per l’investigador Manolis Kogevinas, de l’ISGlobal, en el marc de el projecte MCC-Spain (Garcia-Saenz et al., 2018) -amb dades de m\u00e9s de 4.000 persones de les ciutats de Madrid i Barcelona- va permetre observar que els ciutadans exposats a nivells m\u00e9s alts de llum blava van tenir entre 1,5 i 2 vegades m\u00e9s risc de patir c\u00e0ncer de mama i de pr\u00f2stata, respectivament, comparat amb la poblaci\u00f3 menys exposada.<\/p>\n

La salut de les persones tamb\u00e9 dep\u00e8n del manteniment dels cicles d’exposici\u00f3 a la llum natural<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

En aquesta investigaci\u00f3 els resultats van ser publicats l\u2019any 2018 a la revista Environmental Health Perspectives<\/em><\/strong>, els experts van creuar les dades m\u00e8diques de les persones estudiades amb les imatges nocturnes preses pels astronautes de l’estaci\u00f3 espacial internacional de la NASA.<\/p>\n

En s\u00f3n necessaris m\u00e9s estudis per\u00f2 els experts consideren que l’exposici\u00f3 en hores nocturnes a les llums de tipus LED, que incorporen en el seu espectre d’emissi\u00f3 un pic de llum blava, podrien estar relacionades amb efectes nocius en la salut per la supressi\u00f3 de la producci\u00f3 de melatonina, una hormona que per general es produeix en humans de forma natural a la tarda i que arriba al seu m\u00e0xim durant la nit en condicions de foscor.<\/p>\n

Com recorda la investigadora postdoctoral Ariadna Garc\u00eda, “la melatonina s’encarrega de sincronitzar el nostre rellotge biol\u00f2gic informant del cicle de llum-foscor, i per tant preparant al nostre organisme per anar a dormir”. Aquest \u00e9s un dels motius de que la melatonina faciliti respostes fisiol\u00f2giques “com la temperatura corporal, la pressi\u00f3 sangu\u00ednia, la secreci\u00f3 d’enzims digestius o la producci\u00f3 d’hormones”, destaca.<\/p>\n

Articles cient\u00edfics de refer\u00e8ncia:<\/code><\/p>\n

Mueller N, Rojas-Rueda D, Basaga\u00f1a X, et al. Health impacts related to urban and transport planning: A burden of disease Assessment. Environment International, 2017 Oct;107:243-257. doi: 10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.020. Epub 2017 Aug 1.<\/code><\/p>\n

Short-term effects of traffic noise on suicides and emergency hospital admissions due to anxiety and depression in Madrid (Spain)<\/code><\/p>\n

Science of The Total EnvironmentVolume 71025 March 2020Article 136315<\/code><\/p>\n

Environtmental Noise Guidelines . OMS http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0009\/383922\/noise-guidelines-exec-sum-eng.pdf?ua=1<\/code><\/p>\n

Garcia-Saenz A., S\u00e1nchez de Miguel A., Espinosa A., Valent\u00edn A., Aragon\u00e9s N., Llorca J., Amiano P., Mart\u00edn S\u00e1nchez V., Guevara M., Capelo R., Tard\u00f3n A., Peir\u00f3-P\u00e9rez R., Jim\u00e9nez-Mole\u00f3n JJ., Roca-Barcel\u00f3 A., P\u00e9rez-G\u00f3mez B., Dierssen-Sotos T., Fern\u00e1ndez-Villa T., Moreno-Iribas C., Moreno V., Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez J., Casta\u00f1o-Vinyals G., Poll\u00e1n M., Aub\u00e9 M., Kogevinas M. Evaluating the association between artificial light-at-night exposure and breast and prostate cancer risk in Spain (MCC-Spain study). April 2018. DOI:10.1289\/EHP1837. Environmental Health Perspectives<\/code><\/p>\n

Autor:<\/strong> Joaquim Elcacho, Periodista especialitzat en Medi Ambient i Ci\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n

Subscriu-te<\/a>\u00a0a la Newsletter i rep cada mes Bio Eco Actual gratis al teu correu<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\nLlegir\u00a0Bio Eco Actual Juliol 2020<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Viure en una ciutat pot tenir les seves avantatges però, per desgràcia, les grans urbs també sotmeten als seus habitants a ambients que perjudiquen seriosament la salut. Dos dels efectes negatius sobre la qualitat de vida dels ciutadans que en ocasions tenim poc en compte són la contaminació acústica i la contaminació lumínica. Parlem de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":38230,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7160],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38240","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-medi-ambient"],"yoast_head":"\nSoroll i exc\u00e9s de llum, dos contaminants a tenir molt en compte<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dos dels efectes negatius sobre la qualitat de vida dels ciutadans s\u00f3n la contaminaci\u00f3 ac\u00fastica i la lum\u00ednica. 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