{"id":9750,"date":"2016-10-10T22:43:00","date_gmt":"2016-10-10T22:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/2016\/10\/10\/agrotoxics-un-nou-estudi-mostra-l-enorme-dany-ambiental-als-eua\/"},"modified":"2017-03-30T08:43:49","modified_gmt":"2017-03-30T08:43:49","slug":"agrotoxics-un-nou-estudi-mostra-l-enorme-dany-ambiental-als-eua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/ca\/2016\/10\/10\/agrotoxics-un-nou-estudi-mostra-l-enorme-dany-ambiental-als-eua\/","title":{"rendered":"Agrot\u00f2xics: un nou estudi mostra l’enorme dany ambiental als EUA"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zero Biocidas 11\/10\/2016<\/a>
<\/strong><\/em>Agrot\u00f2xics: un nou estudi mostra l’enorme dany ambiental als EUA.<\/strong><\/p>\n

L’economista Federico Ciliberto va dirigir l’estudi m\u00e9s gran dels cultius modificats gen\u00e8ticament i l’\u00fas de plaguicides fins a la data, juntament amb Edward D. Perry, de la Universitat de l’Estat de Kansas, David A. Hennessy, de la Universitat de l’Estat de Michigan i Giancarlo Moschini, de la Universitat Estatal d’Iowa.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Els quatre economistes van estudiar les dades anuals de m\u00e9s de 5.000 productors de soja i 5.000 productors de blat de moro als EUA des de 1998 fins a 2011, molt per sobre dels estudis previs que s’han limitat a un o dos anys de dades. Va ser publicat a la revista Science Advanced<\/em>. <\/p>\n

“El fet que tenim 14 anys de dades a nivell d’explotaci\u00f3 dels agricultors de tot els EUA fa a aquest estudi molt especial”,<\/em> va dir Ciliberto. “Hem repetit les observacions dels mateixos agricultors i podem veure quan van adoptar les llavors modificades gen\u00e8ticament i com aix\u00f2 va canviar l’\u00fas de productes qu\u00edmics<\/em>“. <\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Des de 2008, els cultius modificats gen\u00e8ticament han representat m\u00e9s del 80 per cent dels cultius de blat de moro i soja plantades. Les llavors de blat de moro nord-americ\u00e0 es modifiquen amb dos gens: un mata els insectes que s’alimenten de la llavor i un permet que la llavor pugui tolerar el glifosat, un herbicida d’\u00fas general en herbicides com el Roundup. La soja es modifica amb nom\u00e9s un gen resistent al glifosat.<\/p>\n

Com era d’esperar, els productors de blat de moro que utilitzen les llavors resistents als insectes utilitzen significativament menys insecticides – aproximadament 11,2 per cent menys – que els agricultors que no van utilitzar blat de moro modificat gen\u00e8ticament. Els productors de blat de moro tamb\u00e9 van utilitzar un 1,3 per cent menys herbicida durant un per\u00edode de 13 anys.<\/p>\n

En cultius de soja, per contra, van veure un augment significatiu en l’\u00fas d’herbicides, quan van adoptar els cultius modificats gen\u00e8ticament utilitzant un 28 per cent m\u00e9s herbicides que no adoptants. Ciliberto atribueix aquest augment a la proliferaci\u00f3 de males herbes resistents al glifosat.<\/p>\n

Els comentaristes i altres estudis revisats per parells, fins i tot han afirmat que l’augment de l’\u00fas de pesticides en els conreus transg\u00e8nics ha pujat molt m\u00e9s, ja que les dades 1998-2011 que va ser revisada en aquest nou estudi de la Universitat de Virg\u00ednia. El per\u00edode compr\u00e8s entre 2011-2016 \u00e9s quan les males herbes resistents alglifosato s’han convertit en un problema econ\u00f2mic important per als agricultors d’Estats Units basada en l’augment del seu \u00fas i per tant diners gastats en plaguicides de tall per a la seva l\u00ednia de fons.<\/p>\n

“Al principi, hi va haver una reducci\u00f3 en l’\u00fas d’herbicides, per\u00f2 amb el temps l’\u00fas de productes qu\u00edmics va augmentar perqu\u00e8 els agricultors havien d’afegir nous productes qu\u00edmics perqu\u00e8 les males herbes desenvolupen una resist\u00e8ncia al glifosat”, <\/em>va dir Ciliberto.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Els productors de blat de moro, per\u00f2, no han hagut de fer front el mateix nivell de resist\u00e8ncia, en part perqu\u00e8 no van adoptar els cultius modificats gen\u00e8ticament tan r\u00e0pid com els seus hom\u00f2legs en la ind\u00fastria de la soja. No obstant aix\u00f2, l’estudi va descobrir evid\u00e8ncia que tant els productors de blat de moro i soja van augmentar l’\u00fas deherbicidas en els \u00faltims cinc anys de l’estudi, el que indica que la resist\u00e8ncia de les males herbes \u00e9s un problema creixent per a tots dos grups.<\/p>\n

De 2006 a 2011, el percentatge d’hect\u00e0rees ruixades amb glifosat nom\u00e9s es va reduir de m\u00e9s del 70 per cent a 41 per cent dels productors de soja i de m\u00e9s de 40 per cent a 19 per cent per als productors de blat de moro.<\/strong> La disminuci\u00f3 es va deure als agricultors que han de rec\u00f3rrer a la combinaci\u00f3 dels herbicides de glifosat amb altres productes qu\u00edmics perqu\u00e8 les males herbes resistents al glifosat es va fer m\u00e9s com\u00fa.<\/p>\n

“L’evid\u00e8ncia suggereix que les males herbes s\u00f3n cada vegada m\u00e9s resistents i els agricultors es veuen obligats a utilitzar productes qu\u00edmics addicionals, i m\u00e9s d’ells”<\/em>, va dir Ciliberto.<\/p>\n

Els insectes no semblen haver desenvolupat una resist\u00e8ncia similar, en part a causa de les regulacions federals requereixen els agricultors tenir un “refugi segur” en els seus camps que est\u00e0 lliure de cultius modificats gen\u00e8ticament. Els insectes i cucs en els refugis no tenen necessitat de desenvolupar resist\u00e8ncia, i pel fet que interactuen i es reprodueixen amb insectes en altres parts del camp, ajuden a prevenir el desenvolupament de gens de resist\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n

Tot i la disminuci\u00f3 en l’\u00fas d’insecticides, el creixement continu de l’\u00fas d’herbicides planteja un problema mediambiental important perqu\u00e8 amb grans dosis dels productes qu\u00edmics poden danyar la biodiversitat i augmentar la contaminaci\u00f3 de l’aigua i l’aire.<\/p>\n

Ciliberto i els seus col\u00b7legues van mesurar l’impacte mediambiental global dels canvis en l’\u00fas de productes qu\u00edmics que han resultat de l’adopci\u00f3 de cultius modificats gen\u00e8ticament, utilitzant una mesura anomenada el coeficient d’impacte ambiental, o EIQ, per tenir en compte l’impacte de productes qu\u00edmics ‘sobre els treballadors agr\u00edcoles, els consumidors i l’ambient. La comparaci\u00f3 dels adoptants als no adoptadors, van trobar poc canvi en l’impacte sobre els treballadors agr\u00edcoles i dels consumidors. No obstant aix\u00f2, l’adopci\u00f3 de la soja gen\u00e8ticament modificada correlacionats amb un enorme impacte negatiu en el medi ambient com un major \u00fas d’herbicides tamb\u00e9 va augmentar la contaminaci\u00f3 dels ecosistemes locals.<\/p>\n

La investigaci\u00f3 addicional de la troballa coeficient d’impacte ambiental (EIQ) est\u00e0 sent sol\u00b7licitat per cient\u00edfics independents als EUA i Europa utilitzant l’eina de risc dels plaguicides encara m\u00e9s precisa (Prime).<\/p>\n

En general, Ciliberto va dir que estava sorpr\u00e8s pel grau en qu\u00e8 l’\u00fas d’herbicides havia augmentat i preocupada pel possible impacte ambiental. “No esperava veure un patr\u00f3 tan fort”,<\/em> ha concl\u00f2s.<\/p>\n

Veure informe complet AQU\u00cd<\/a><\/span>.
<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Font: Zero Biocidas<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zero Biocidas 11\/10\/2016Agrotòxics: un nou estudi mostra l’enorme dany ambiental als EUA. L’economista Federico Ciliberto va dirigir l’estudi més gran dels cultius modificats genèticament i l’ús de plaguicides fins a la data, juntament amb Edward D. Perry, de la Universitat de l’Estat de Kansas, David A. Hennessy, de la Universitat de l’Estat de Michigan i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":419,"featured_media":9748,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7164],"tags":[3933,3114,1143],"class_list":["post-9750","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-actualitat","tag-agrotoxicos","tag-ogm","tag-transgenicos"],"yoast_head":"\nAgrot\u00f2xics: un nou estudi mostra l'enorme dany ambiental als EUA - Bio Eco Actual<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bioecoactual.com\/ca\/2016\/10\/10\/agrotoxics-un-nou-estudi-mostra-l-enorme-dany-ambiental-als-eua\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Agrot\u00f2xics: un nou estudi mostra l'enorme dany ambiental als EUA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Zero Biocidas 11\/10\/2016Agrotòxics: un nou estudi mostra l’enorme dany ambiental als EUA. L’economista Federico Ciliberto va dirigir l’estudi més gran dels cultius modificats genèticament i l’ús de plaguicides fins a la data, juntament amb Edward D. Perry, de la Universitat de l’Estat de Kansas, David A. 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